argue that while traditional financing channels, including financial markets and banks, provide significant sources of funds …

China's shadow banking has been rising rapidly in the last decade, mainly driven by regulations for banks, the Fiscal … regulators repeatedly attempted to impose new regulations on banks and non-banks. The existence of shadow banking fulfills the … necessarily the case. Entrusted loans, implicit guarantees from non-banks, banks or government may provide a second …

that they may create a serious problem for the stability of the foreign banks' subsidiaries. Moreover, as some of those … subsidiary banks were large by assets in some of the member states the related party transactions with the parent bank created a …

finance for banks. Despite risk neutrality, equity capital earns a higher expected return than direct investment in risky … assets. Banks hold positive capital to reduce bankruptcy costs, but there is a role for capital regulation when deposits are … insured. Banks may no longer use capital when they lend to firms rather than invest directly in risky assets. This depends on …