Since the early 1980s, universities in the United States have greatly expanded their patenting and licensing activities. The Congressional Joint Economic Committee, among other authorities, have argued that this surge contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s. And, many observers have...

Recommended readings (Machine generated): Jan Fagerberg, Morten Fosaas and Koson Sapprasert (2012), 'Innovation: Exploring the Knowledge Base' -- Ben R. Martin (2013), 'Innovation Studies: An Emerging Agenda' -- Eric von Hippel (2005), 'Democratizing Innovation: The Evolving Phenomenon of User...

The article discusses the condition and perspective of the European Union in the knowledge economy and the feasibility of the goal given by the European Council at the summits held in Lisbon (March 2000) and Barcelona (March 2002), that is, to increase European R&D expenditure to 3 per cent of...