In this paper we are investigating how production risk may influence the way a risk averse producer like a subsistence farmer chooses optimal input levels. Risk averse producers will take into account both the mean and the variance of output, and therefore we expect them to choose input levels...

Aquaculture production has increased rapidly during the last three decades. This is due toincreased production of established species as well as a continuous introduction of newspecies. Productivity growth is the main engine for the increased production in aquaculture,and as the accumulated...

In industries characterized by frequent innovation and high productivity growth, substantial variation in produced quantity and input use may occur, leading to increased costs. An effect that has received little attention is that inefficiency can exacerbate environmental impacts. This effect is...