Carbon pricing policies worldwide are increasingly coupled with direct or indirect subsidies for emission-intensive and trade-exposed firms. We analyze the incentives created by novel forms of emissions intensity-based rebating (IBR) and contrast them with more common approaches like...

This article summarizes the insights of an Energy Modeling Forum study on the magnitude and distribution of economic adjustment costs to greenhouse gas emission constraints in the aftermath of the Paris Agreement where countries voluntarily committed themselves to Nationally Determined...