Thanks to the reform process between 1992 and 2007, Germany was in a very good position to master demographic change. These reforms were farsighted, they stabilised the public pension system and they significantly increased employment, the foundation of every old age provision. The 'Pension...

Die Wiedervereinigung von Ost- und Westdeutschland brachte für Ostdeutschland im Bildungssektor große Veränderungen. Die Schulstrukturen aus DDR-Zeiten wurden an das westdeutsche System an - gepasst. Zusammen mit der politischen Liberalisierung kann erwartet werden, dass sich die Karriere -...

German pension policy faces a dilemma. If it is too generous, it harms contributors, disincentivises labour supply, and crowds out education and infrastructure investment needed to pay for social protection. If it is too frugal, it harms those with social and health issues. Thus, smart...