education decisions. We identify bilateral migration costs and their legal component for each pair of countries and two classes …

inventors are more prevalent in the first bulk of patents of a country in a given technology, as compared to patents filed at … later stages. We interpret these results as tangible evidence of migrants facilitating the technology-specific diffusion of …

inventors are more prevalent in the first bulk of patents of a country in a given technology, as compared to patents filed at … later stages. We interpret these results as tangible evidence of migrants facilitating the technology-specific diffusion of …

evidence of migrants facilitating the technology-specific diffusion of knowledge across nations. …

educational attainment at origin. Equating women's and men's access to education would probably reduce gender differences in the … use new sources, homogenize definitions of what a migrant is, and compute gender-disaggregated indicators of the brain … drain. Emigration stocks and rates are provided by level of schooling and gender for 195 source countries in 1990 and 2000 …