that oil further increases the conflict potential within fractionalized countries. The combination of oil and a shared … substantially increased risk of ethnic armed conflict onset in a subset of oil-abundant countries. …

rentier state. As oil production creates substantial, nontransparent revenue streams to national and subnational governments …, we hypothesize that oil production has a negative effect on electoral competitiveness, both cross- and subnationally, in … to persist even after the introduction of multipartyism in cases where oil production predates democratic institutions …

major oil exporters (Algeria, Iran, Nigeria, and Venezuela) with differing levels of internal violence. To capture the …

rentier state. As oil production creates substantial, nontransparent revenue streams to national and subnational governments …, we hypothesize that oil production has a negative effect on electoral competitiveness, both cross‐ and subnationally, in … to persist even after the introduction of multipartyism in cases where oil production predates democratic institutions …