While prior studies have investigated the effect of collaborative R&D with different partner types (suppliers, customers, competitors and research institutions & universities) on firms' innovative performance, the implications of dynamic patterns in these collaborations have not received...

The increasing commercialization of university discoveries has initiated a controversy on the impacts for future scientific research. It has been argued that an increasing orientation towards commercialization may have a negative impact on more fundamental research efforts in science. Several...

We evaluate the impact of basic research on pharmaceutical firms' technological performance, distinguishing between internal basic research and the exploitation of external basic research findings. We find that firms increase their performance by engaging more in internal basic research, in...

Classical patent literature assumes that patents grant well-defined legal rights to exclude others from practicing an invention. In this scenario, start-up companies benefit from the exclusive right to commercialize patent-protected inventions and the certification effect of patents which...