The end of the Cold War, the increasing importance of international operations, and the development of a co-ordinated European security and defence strategy have led many countries in Europe to reform their national system of military defence – Belgium in 1994, the Netherlands in the second...

The 1990s showed a marked improvement in the education level attained by young people in Austria. The young no longer enter the labour market immediately after compulsory schooling to the same extent as in the past: only about 12 percent in contrast to 16 percent in the late 1980s. The...

Since 1990, expenditure on education has increased in Austria for every educational level. This has been the result of an extension of education beyond compulsory level as well as a shift from apprenticeships to vocational colleges. The other side of the coin of increasing costs are greater...

Over the last two decades, university education in the EU has undergone a transition from elitist to mass education. Consequently, in 2000 the university student population in the EU numbered some 12.6 million, constituting 5 percent of the population of working age (15 to 64). Italy,...

In the last 20 years immigration to Austria has not only gained momentum but has also undergone significant structural change. On the one hand refugees, asylum seekers and family members of foreign residents entered in increasing numbers, on the other rising migration flows resulted from...

"There is no simple answer to the question of the potential impact of migration on the EU economy. EU migration policy is expected to meet the requirements of economic and social policy, in particular of the Lisbon Agenda, as well as national cultural, political, strategic and security...