these subsidies on children's longer run outcomes. Using a sharp discontinuity in the price of childcare in Norway, we are … this, we find significant positive effect of the subsidies on children's academic performance in junior high school …, suggesting the positive shock to disposable income provided by the subsidies may be helping to improve children's scholastic …

While recent research finds strong evidence that birth order affects children's outcomes such as education and earnings … on IQ, and our results suggest that earlier born children have higher IQs. Our preferred estimates suggest differences … determined. Also, there is no evidence that birth order effects occur because later-born children are more affected by family …

parental leave from 12 to 24 months for children born on July 1, 1990 or later. We use test scores from the Austrian PISA test …