Across the United States, as competition in the supply and delivery of electricity has been introduced, states have …-bypassable charge to electricity customers (usually applied on a cents/kWh basis) used to collect funds for public purpose programs …

, reliability, and risk of the electricity supplied to end-use customers. In balancing different supply options, utilities …Electricity markets in the United States have witnessed unprecedented instability over the last few years, with … electricity industry. Recent industry instability also illustrates the need for thoughtful resource planning to balance the cost …

module availability, installation scheduling, utility interconnection agreements, building inspections, permit processing, or … reliability. In this paper, prepared on behalf of the Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA), we describe early efforts by state …

-price natural gas-fired electricity generation, and replacing that generation with fixed-price renewable electricity supply. In … price reductions are, in turn, expected to reduce electricity prices and--more importantly--directly reduce consumer natural …

) the tax-free status of publicly owned utilities and the availability of low-cost debt, and (2) the renewable energy … a NUG include: (1) the availability of federal tax credits and accelerated depreciation schedules for certain forms of … assess the levelized cost of electricity under four supply options: (1) public utility ownership of new geothermal capacity …

approximately half of all electricity demand in the western United States. Our purpose is twofold: (1) to highlight the growing …

: (1) the tax-free status of publicly owned utilities and the availability of low-cost debt, and (2) the renewable energy … a NUG include: (1) the availability of federal tax credits and accelerated depreciation schedules for certain forms of … cash-flow model to assess the levelized cost of electricity under four supply options: (1) public utility ownership of new …

. This growth is typically attributed to technology improvements and resulting cost reductions, the availability of federal … to mid-1990s, but relegated to lesser importance as many states took steps to restructure their electricity markets in … 2005). In aggregate, these twelve utilities supply approximately half of all electricity demand in the western United …

-fired generation, renewable generation is typically sold under fixed-price contracts. Assuming that electricity consumers value long …-term price stability, a utility or other retail electricity supplier that is looking to expand its resource portfolio (or a …

one potential benefit: displacement of gas-fired electricity generation, which reduces natural gas demand and thus puts …