The Post Keynesian, Institutionalist and Heterodox schools of economics have failed for 83 years to discern the definition of uncertainty given by Keynes in footnote 1 on page 148 of the General Theory that was repeated on page 240 of the General Theory.The footnotes on page 148 and 240 of the...

J M Keynes's two logical relations of rational degree of probability, α, 0≤α≤1 and Evidential Weight of the Argument, w, 0≤w≤1, where w measures the degree of completeness of the evidence, can't be represented or associated with ordinal probability, although Keynes's theory of...

Grampp, as well as all other economists who have written on Smith, overlooked Smith's original contributions to decision making under uncertainty. Grampp's main point, that “The invisible hand is not a power that makes the good of one the good of all, and it is not any of a number of other...