J M Keynes's approach to the use of mathematics is based on his interactions with Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, William Ernest Johnson, C. D. Broad, G. E. Moore, and Alfred Marshall. His views were carefully expressed in the A Treatise on Probability and General Theory. Keynes...

Gavin Kennedy has carefully shown that the “Invisible Hand” myth, that greedy and selfish private optimizing behavior leads to a social macro optimum that benefits all, had nothing to do with Adam Smith's use of the invisible hand metaphor in The Wealth of Nations. Kennedy also showed that...

This paper shows how Keynes used the neoclassical marginal productivity theory of one variable input, labor, and one fixed input, capital, to embed expectations of future prices and profits in a micro foundation of the theory of purely competitive firms. Keynes then generalized his technical...