"Infrastructure projects are often technically complicated and highly customized. Therefore, procurement competition … tends to be limited. Competition is the single most important factor toward auction efficiency and anti-corruption. However …, the degree of competition realized is closely related to bidders' entry decision and the auctioneer's decision on how to …

To utilize public resources efficiently, it is required to take full advantage of competition in public procurement … auctions. Joint bidding practices are one of the possible ways of facilitating auction competition. In theory, there are pros … other hand, it may reduce the degree of competition and can be used as a cover for collusive behavior. The paper empirically …