education decisions. We identify bilateral migration costs and their legal component for each pair of countries and two classes …

educational attainment at origin. Equating women's and men's access to education would probably reduce gender differences in the … use new sources, homogenize definitions of what a migrant is, and compute gender-disaggregated indicators of the brain … drain. Emigration stocks and rates are provided by level of schooling and gender for 195 source countries in 1990 and 2000 …