"Further training is one of the most important instrument of Active Labor Market Policy (ALMP) in Germany. It was strongly affected by the Hartz-Reforms, i.e. the implementation of training vouchers for the unemployed and the introduction of a twostage certification and quality management...

"In 2003, Germany moved from a system in which participants in training programs for the unemployed are assigned by caseworkers to an allocation system using vouchers. Based on the rich administrative data for all vouchers and on actual program participation, we provide inverse probability...