, until 2005. Laser technology research has been nearly exclusively conducted in regions that are home to a university with a … adjacent regions, geographic proximity to the center of initial laser research was conducive to early adoption of laser … research; however, the effect is small. The earlier a region embarked on this type of research, the higher the level of laser …

private sector as well as from public research institutions. The impact of both the specialization and the additional factors …

2005. Research in this new technological field began in a few larger centers and then spread to other regions. In the early … the knowledge in laser technology was particularly high in those regions which have started laser research rather early …

institutional settings of decision-making processes in Germany and Europe, lessons from the German context are not directly … renewables. In this context, we discuss a major difference between the European transformation to a low-carbon economy and the … compares two alternative scenarios for a low-carbon transformation in Europe: one is the EU Reference Scenario, which is based …

Long-term scenarios of the low-carbon energy transformation in Europe are quite diverse. In this chapter, we provide a … already known technologies, even ambitions climate targets can be met in Europe, at moderate costs, as long as strict carbon …