The paper discusses central avenues of reform in the pension and health system. The core issues are the distinction of large and small risks and the role of a competitive approach to reorganise the health system.

This paper presents scenarios of the shutdown costs in terms of lost value added for Austria, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Switzerland and UK. The shutdown phase will lead to considerable production losses and large declines in GDP this year. Lasting longer than a month, the losses within the...

Haftung ex post und Anreize ex ante sind institutionelle Arrangements, mit denen gesellschaftliches Risikomanagement in der Umweltpolitik betrieben werden kann. Umweltrisiken beziehen sich auf die Inzidenz von Emissionen im Umweltsystem, die Diffusion und die Akkumulation von Schadstoffen, die...