Starting from the same level of productivity and per-capita income as the United States in the mid-nineteenth century … productivity has almost converged, its income per person has leveled off at about three-quarters of America's. How could Europe be …

After fifty years of catching up to the United States level of productivity, since 1995 Europe has been falling behind … growth shortfall caused the level of European productivity to fall back from 94 percent of the United States level to 85 … retailing formats that have created many of the productivity gains in the United States. For many decades, the United States and …