negatively affect the value-added estimates of teachers of those students. …

-added estimates in this context. While these different specifications produce substantially different value-added estimates, they …

-added estimates in this context. While these different specifications produce substantially different value-added estimates, they …

accountability systems, affects the value-added estimates of teachers of students with hard-to-predict achievement levels, such as …-added estimates than teachers of other types of students. Shrinkage increases their estimates’ precision and reduces the absolute … value of their value-added estimates. However, this paper found shrinkage has no statistically significant effect on the …

accountability systems, affects the value-added estimates of teachers of students with hard-to-predict achievement levels, such as …-added estimates than teachers of other types of students. Shrinkage increases their estimates’ precision and reduces the absolute … value of their value-added estimates. However, this paper found shrinkage has no statistically significant effect on the …