In India, the pace of financial innovation was relatively slow until the initiation of the financial liberalization program in 1991-92. The subsequent financial reforms have had important implications for the user costs of assets and resulted in significant substitution among them. Hence there...

One of the principal elements of the economic reforms program initiated in 1991 was to reduce the fiscal deficit of the central government which, at that time, faced a solvency crisis. This reduction was at least partially achieved by reducing transfers to state governments. As a result, state...