analysis of large-scale violent conflict with other forms of violence, instability, fragility, and humanitarian crises. …

experienced cycles of violence between the 1960s and 1980s. Can such violence be explained by legacies of mobilization during … fascism? We study whether and how the Italian fascist experience of the 1920s affected political violence during the 1970s and … regime-predicts neofascist political violence at the provincial level more than 40 years later. New windows of opportunity …

marginal cost of violence always reduces violence, while increasing the indiscriminate fixed cost may backfire and result in …