adoptive parents. We argue that the impact from biological parents captures broad pre-birth factors, including genes and … prenatal environment, and the impact from adoptive parents represents broad post-birth factors, such as childhood environment …, for the intergenerational association in education and income. We find that both pre- and post-birth factors contribute to …

mother?s or father?s education raises children?s education by about 0.1 year. Our estimated income elasticities are around 0.1. …We explore the adoption data approach to estimating causal effects of parental education and income on the same … outcomes of their children. Thanks to a data set drawn from Swedish population registers with detailed information on …

children and the incidence of childlessness. We find surprising results for Continental Europe: the additional education … generated by compulsory schooling expansions led to an increase in the number of biological children per woman and a decrease in …