licensing is associated with about 14 percent higher wages, but the effect of governmental certification on pay is much smaller … positively associated with wages. We find little association between licensing and the variance of wages, in contrast to unions …

licensing is associated with about 18 percent higher wages, but the effect of governmental certification on pay is much smaller … little association between licensing and the variance of wages, in contrast to unions. Overall, our results show that …

licensing is associated with about 14 percent higher wages, but the effect of governmental certification on pay is much smaller … positively associated with wages. We find little association between licensing and the variance of wages, in contrast to unions …

This article explores the effects of living wages on low-wage workers and low-income families. First, earlier analyses … confirms earlier findings that business-assistance living wage laws boost wages of the lowest wage workers at the cost of some … that the poverty reductions generated by living wages may stem from income gains for individuals with higher wages or …

on wages as do unions -- that is about 15 percent, but unlike unions which reduce variance in wages, licensing does not …