Many private higher educational institutions (PHEI) are facing poor profitability, increased short term debts with under-resourced cash flow and insufficient funds that could lead to financial distress. To address the issues of ever-changing business environments and to deliver value...

Private higher education institutions (PHEIs) are struggling to invest in the facilities, tools, and staff required to build a complete IR4.0 education ecosystem due to a lack of funding and technological resources. This research investigates the role of intellectual capital elements (Human,...

Background Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are vital to Malaysia's economy, comprising a significant portion of all businesses. However, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in the SMEs' digital readiness to operate remotely. To remain competitive, SMEs must adopt digital...