trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of … trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors …

trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of … trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors …

. -- Trade integration ; gravity ; trade costs ; multilateral resistance ; industries ; disaggregation ; European Union … trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of … trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors …

trade barriers for manufacturing industries in European Union countries between 1999 and 2003. We find a large degree of … trade cost heterogeneity across industries. The most important trade barriers are transportation costs and policy factors …

gravity models. This measure accounts for cross-industry heterogeneity by incorporating substitution elasticities estimated at … the industry level. We then use it to provide a theory-based ranking of trade integration across manufacturing industries … Technical Barriers to Trade in certain industries as well as high transportation costs associated with heavy-weight goods are …

Barriers to international trade are known to be large. But have they become smaller over time? Building on the gravity … directly from the model's gravity equation without imposing arbitrary trade cost functions. As an illustration, I show that U …

this paper, we investigate the sensitivity of standard gravity estimation to spatial aggregation. We build a model in which …. Even if no border frictions exist at the micro level, gravity estimation on aggregate data can still produce large border …

used as regressors in a gravity equation of trade. Instead, the indirect approach infers the extent of trade impediments …