that managers tend to be more myopic when firms are exposed to hostile takeover threats. Managers will put less effort into …Although the role of managers is crucial in shaping firm innovation, it also poses a dilemma. Because innovation is a … complicated and long-term process that requires effort and attention, managers may reduce effort in innovation when faced with …

shareholder litigation, managers prefer to live a quiet life, intentionally avoiding risky and contentious activities, which …