trade flows, and on how trade affects the structure of the retail industry. After reviewing the evidence, we discuss … is that when trade liberalization occurs, there is a strong incentive to use vertical restraints to soften price … competition in order to mitigate the pro-competitive impact of trade liberalization. We then review contributions that consider …

We construct a model of trade with heterogeneous retailers to examine the effects of trade liberalization on retail … market structure, imports and social welfare. We are especially interested in investigating the transmission of lower import … mechanism by reducing imports and raising consumer prices. …

We examine how foreign ownership of a firm affects the variety of goods that the firm exports and the number of … exports and take this model to data from Germany, one of the leading actors on the world market for goods. In line with …

We merge German balance-of-payments and foreign-affiliate-trade statistics to obtain data about trade in commercial …

negative effect on the likelihood to trade through intermediaries; the effects vary across upper and lower middle income …This paper uses micro-data fromtheWorld Bank Investment Climate Surveys 2002-2006 to investigate how foreign ownership … firm will export or import. Foreign ownership has a large positive impact on the likelihood to engage in direct trade but a …

We merge German balance-of-payments and foreign-affiliate-trade statistics to obtain data about trade in commercial …

We merge German balance-of-payments and foreign-affiliate-trade statistics to obtain data about trade in commercial …

of trade liberalization on productivity: (i) a direct effect through changes in R&D investment; (ii) a scale effect due …This paper develops an oligopolistic model of international trade with heterogeneous firms and endogenous R&D to … examine how trade liberalization affects firm and industry productivity, as well as social welfare. We identify four effects …