Interfuel substitutability has been of longstanding interest to energy economists and policy makers. However, there has … control for publication bias. At the industrial level, results for the shadow elasticities of substitution between coal, oil …

This study uses a stochastic production frontier to model energy efficiency trends, in 85 countries over a 37 year … and a theoretical model of energy-efficient technology choice. An improvement in a country’s energy efficiency is measured … as a reduction in energy intensity, while holding constant that economy’s mix of inputs and outputs. All other things …