Using 2005 firm level data for 26 countries in eastern and Central Europe, this paper estimates performance gaps between male and female-owned businesses, while controlling for location by industry and country. The findings show that female entrepreneurs have a significantly smaller scale of...

A central insight in economic sociology is that firms depend on relationships with other organizations for their access to capital, information, and other resources. Such interactions among firms tend to develop into stable networks of social and economic exchange that stratify firms in an...