This paper examines long-term recovery outcomes for businesses impacted by major natural disasters. Data were collected via two large-scale mail surveys–one administered to Santa Cruz County, California businesses eight years after the Loma Prieta earthquake and one administered to businesses...

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We model EU countries? bank ratings using financial variables and allowing for intercept and slope heterogeneity. We find that country-specific factors (in the form of heterogeneous intercepts) are a crucial determinant of ratings. Whilst ?new? EU countries typically have lower ratings than...