Psychic distance, as described in the Uppsala internationalization model, is based on the impediments to information flows between a country market and a firm. The greater the impediments, the longer is the distance. The operationalization of psychic distance in empirical investigations is most...

Since the 1970s the internationalisation process of firms has attracted wide research interest. One of the dominant explanations of firm internationalisation resulting from this research activity is the Uppsala stages model. In this paper, a pre-internationalisation phase is incorporated into...

The internationalisation of firms has gained much research attention since the 1970s. However, the behavioural aspect of firms’ during their pre-internationalisation phase has not been sufficiently explored. This research proposes that a pre-internationalisation focus would not only offer an...

Although the internationalisation process of the firm has been well researched since the 1970s, the behaviour of firms prior to internationalisation has not received commensurate research attention.This paper argues that a focus on firms? pre-internationalisation activities will not only offer...

International business research has identified separately two distinct influences on the direction of firm internationalisation. One of those influences is psychic distance, the other is regionalisation. This paper sets out to test the influences of regionalisation and psychic distance on the...

Government-supported national trade promotion programs are common around the world and universal in industrialized economies. The philosophy behind such schemes is that increased exports will add to employment in a nation, they will improve the availability of foreign exchange, offer the...