We examine affirmative action, class-based (CAA), as well as identity-based (IAA), in an economy with income heterogeneity and diverse identity groups. We establish that with class-based affirmative action there exists an equilibrium that is colour-blind, i.e. the poor face the same standards...

We analyze affirmative action in the presence of income heterogeneity, with the target group containing a creamy layer, as well as poorer members. We find that a move from identity to class-based affirmative action would affect the creamy layer and the poorer members of the target group...

India has enacted several affirmative action policies since the 1990s to benefit the lower castes. This paper investigates if caste still affect an individual’s income in India today. Previous studies in this field have focused on specific regions or castes, and there is a dearth of pan-India...

Although racial inequalities are much researched, studies differ on the specific measure of individuals’ racial identity that they consider. This can affect the comparability of results across studies and, more importantly, the estimation of racial inequality in society. We estimate the extent...

Internships are an important and often mandatory part of academic education. They offer valuable insights into the labor market but can also expose students to negative aspects of the working world, such as gender pay disparities. Our paper provides first evidence of a gender pay gap in...

Surveys and respective research on time use and associated factors such as gender is well established, yet studies still lag on several countries in Africa. This has been a reality for Kenya which is ranked 14 and 77 on the continent and globally for in terms of Gender Gap Index. Using Kenya’s...

This study examines the impact of conservative ideologies on gender dynamics in the USA and India since 2010, focusing on their effects on women and families. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the research explores how conservative movements, policies, and cultural norms have...

It has been widely documented at the international level that women face various types of discrimination in the labor market. This paper contributes to characterizing “gender gaps” in the Argentine labor market. Using the Permanent Household Survey (Encuesta Permanente de Hogares, EPH) as...

Japan’s national hospital system, which consists of a combination of private, national, prefectural and metropolitan hospitals, is the largest employers of the of the doctors. The article provides details on the women doctors’ discontinuous workforce participation in the Japanese hospital...

The woman is considered to be a pillar of the society and a model of the unity. Indeed, woman plays a great role at home as well as at work. For example, 45 per cent of the measurable Gross Domestic Income comes from the work of women in the world’s richest countries. However, the women are...