Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China has undergone drastic changes and social classes have been sharply divided. It is also an indisputable fact that China's income distribution gap is getting wider and wider. Who is behind China's widening income distribution gap? After our...

This paper investigates the effects of the bank’s non-performing loans (NPLs) as a percentage of gross private sector credit in the 21 Lower Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) including the four major South Asian economies during 1998 to 2015, with a focus on the macroeconomy and institutional...

The different target of the time period has been established over the past two decades in the institutionalization of a single currency union in West Africa. Depending on varied reasons the proposed programs have always failed before the set timelines in respect of ECOWAS monetary unification...

This study analytically examines the key determinants of exchange rate stability in Nigeria which encompass GDP, Interest rate, Inflation rate, and Oil prices. Using annual data for the years from 1986 to 2018. For the period under review numerous theories were discussed in this study. At the...

Usando los datos anuales para Colombia durante los 30 años pasados, probamos las teorías de oposición que explican fluctuaciones macroeconómicas: la síntesis neoclásica, que postula eso en presencia de rigidez temporal del precio una extensión monetaria inesperada produce los aumentos de...

Traditional specifications of money demand have been commonly plagU4:!d by persistent overprediction, implausible parameter estimates, and highly autocorrelated errors. This paper argues that some of those problems stem from the failure to account for the impact of financial innovation. We...

Using annual data for Colombia over the last thirty years and a new battery of econometric techniques, we test opposing theories that explain macroeconomic fluctuations: The neoclassical synthesis, which posits that, in the presence of temporary price rigidity, an unanticipated monetary...

In the summer of 2002, the Swiss National Bank (SNB) hosted the “SNB-Fed Cleveland Workshop on Monetary Economics”. Recent years have seen the development of the search-theoretic approach to monetary theory. It has established itself as an important strand of monetary theory in a very short...

Recent empirical evidence suggests that nominal wages in the U.S. are downwardly rigid. This paper studies optimal monetary policy in a labor search and matching framework under the presence of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity (DNWR). The study shows that when nominal wages are downwardly rigid,...

The corona virus pandemic has dramatically changed the economic outlook for the United States and many other countries. In June this year, the Federal Reserve published its unemployment predictions. From a July 2020 level of 10.2%, it expects the year-end ratio to drop to 9.3%; by the end of...