Central banks are considering the issuance of a central bank digital currency to serve as a payment tool to support economic activities. A central bank digital currency can also serve secondary purposes that are related or unrelated to the statutory objectives of a central bank which is monetary...

This article presents a discussion on what a central bank digital currency (CBDC) can achieve in African countries and what a central bank digital currency may not achieve in African countries. The study shows that a central bank digital currency can achieve the following. CBDC can become a...

You stand at the forefront of a transformative era, propelled by the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence. This guide will illuminate the strategies necessary for navigating the intricate landscape of an economy increasingly shaped by intelligent systems. By embracing adaptability and...

Balance sheet analysis is standard practice for assessing private sector businesses. No such analysis has been applied to central banks previously. We provide the theoretical foundation and rationale for such analysis. This foundation is rooted in the quality theory of money which places special...

At the end of 2014, the Bolivian economy, despite facing negative external shocks (falling oil prices), registered a high economic growth in the region of Latin America. Monetary policy was aimed at keeping the government bond rate close to zero and raising liquidity levels in the economy...

This paper discussed the opportunities and risks of central bank digital currency (CBDC) in Nigeria, also known as the eNaira or e-Naira. The opportunities which CBDC present to Nigeria include, improved monetary policy transmission, efficient payments and increased financial inclusion. Some of...

Nigeria is the first African country to issue a central bank digital currency (CBDC) or fiat digital currency. This paper discussed the features, opportunities and risks of the central bank digital currency (CBDC) in Nigeria, also known as the eNaira or e-Naira. The opportunities which CBDC...

Nigeria became the first African country to issue a central bank digital currency (CBDC) or fiat digital currency. It was pioneered by Project Giant. This paper discussed the features, opportunities and risks of the central bank digital currency (CBDC) in Nigeria, also known as the eNaira or...

Nigeria is the first African country to issue a central bank digital currency (CBDC) or fiat digital currency. The eNaira CBDC was issued as a money equivalent to be used alongside with paper Naira. This paper identifies the features, opportunities and risks of the central bank digital currency...

Nigeria is the first African country to issue a central bank digital currency (CBDC) or fiat digital currency called the eNaira. The eNaira CBDC was issued as a money equivalent to be used alongside with paper Naira. This paper presents the features, opportunities and risks of the central bank...