always more cost-effective than overland trade routes. Thus the majority of historians in the past century have attributed … Hundred Years’ War (1336-1453), with a consequent sharp rise in transport and transaction costs in international trade, was … instead the major factor in the decline of the Champagne Fairs, in the concomitant decline of the overland continental trade …

always more cost-effective than overland trade routes. Thus the majority of historians in the past century have attributed … Hundred Years’ War (1336-1453), with a consequent sharp rise in transport and transaction costs in international trade, was … instead the major factor in the decline of the Champagne Fairs, in the concomitant decline of the overland continental trade …

north-west Europe, resulted in a sharp rise in transaction costs that made long-distance trade in cheaper textiles …

north-west Europe, resulted in a sharp rise in transaction costs that made long-distance trade in cheaper textiles …

“Does economic openness increase income?” is retested using quantity measures of trade, finance, and domestic economic … size, and the short answer is: “It de-pends”. The results show that Africa and the Americas lose from both trade and … financial openness, while Asia gains from trade openness but loses from financial openness. The industrialized region benefits …

economies may become more stable, but debt-servicing costs may become less predictable. We use a simple trade model to show that …

“Does economic openness increase income?” is retested using quantity measures of trade, finance, and domestic economic … size, and the short answer is: “It de-pends”. The results show that Africa and the Americas lose from both trade and … financial openness, while Asia gains from trade openness but loses from financial openness. The industrialized region benefits …