"Making decisions in natural resource management involves an understanding of the risk and uncertainty of the outcomes, such as crop failure or cattle starvation, and of the normal spread of the expected production. Hedging against poor outcomes often means lack of investment and slow adoption...

Concepts, theoretical principles and econometric approaches are interrelated throughout the chapters of this book, but generalizations are not so straightforward. One reason why that is although the range of empirical contexts represented is broad, the crops and countries studied were selected...

Agroforestry projects have the potential to help mitigate global warming by acting as sinks for greenhouse gasses. However, participation in carbon-sink projects may be constrained by high costs. This problem may be particularly severe for projects involving smallholders in developing countries....