Indonesia has experienced more than 10 years of decentralization. Starting in 2001, and called as “Big Bang” decentralization, various types of decentralization have been occurring. In the time being, the causality between decentralization and economic growth seems to be ambiguous (Fauziah,...

The paper aims to find the long run and the short run relationships between trade balance, income, money supply, and real effective exchange rate for the period 1980 to 2011 in the case of Pakistan. The analysis is based on bounds testing approach to co-integration and error correction models,...