Understanding the composition of the bond return is always a popular topic in the financial markets. There are various factors that influence the bond returns. Therefore, a precise prediction of the bond returns is still under discussion. This paper is enlightened by the papers of Ilmanen (1995,...

Quantifying human group dynamics represents a unique challenge. Unlike animals and other biological systems, humans form groups in both real (offline) and virtual (online) spaces—from potentially dangerous street gangs populated mostly by disaffected male youths to the massive global guilds in...