Institute of Standards (CNIS) to include enforcement and monitoring. CNIS has already begun working on the issue of compliance … efficiency performance. Less attention has been paid to monitoring and enforcement with a minimal commitment of resources and … little expansion of administrative capacity in this area. Thus, market compliance with both mandatory standard and labeling …

RPS policies are backed by various types of compliance enforcement mechanisms, and many--but not all--such policies … state RPS programs. Next, the report highlights state RPS compliance levels, enforcement actions, and cost impacts, as well … obligations generally increase over time, and retail suppliers typically must demonstrate compliance on an annual basis. Mandatory …

demonstrate compliance on an annual basis. Mandatory RPS policies are backed by various types of compliance enforcement mechanisms … impacts, which could conceivably allow utilities to avoid (full) compliance with their RPS target. Currently, 27 states and …

risk-neutral firms and the marginal effectiveness of increased enforcement across firms are independent of differences in … emissions trading programs because it suggests that regulators have no justification for targeting their enforcement effort … the marginal effectiveness of enforcement depends on any firmspecific characteristic. We also examine the determinants of …

the fine for disclosed violations and the assumption that firms know their compliance status without cost. When firms have … to expend resources to determine their compliance status, motivating a significant number of violation disclosures yields … worse environmental quality. Finally, relative to conventional enforcement, disclosure polices will result in more …

derive an enforcement strategy with a self-reporting requirement that achieves complete compliance in a cost-effective manner …. In the absence of transaction costs targeted enforcement—the practice of monitoring some firms more closely than others … initial distribution of permits can have an impact on total enforcement costs in the presence of transaction costs, but only …