The literature on commercial transformation of smallholders makes little distinctionbetween market orientation (production decision based on market signals) and marketparticipation (sale of output). However, policy implications to enhance commercialtransformation of subsistence agriculture drawn...

This paper examines the cointegration of grain market prices in Northern Ethiopia. Results are based on bi-monthly retail price data on wheat and teff collected from six markets in the Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia. The data has 55 observations for each of the two crops in each of the six...