In October 2008 the main Hungarian public finance actors: the government, the National Bank of Hungary (MNB) and experts cited the high public debt and volume of unsecured foreign-currency loans as the main reasons for the economy’s vulnerability. On the other hand according to the formal...

Discretionary fiscal policies have arisen because of dominant Keynesian economic policies from 1930’s to 1970’s. Public expenditures intensively and excessively increased in order to ensure macroeconomic stability during this period. Many countries faced the emergence of macroeconomic...

This paper offers a comprehensive review of macroeconomic policy in democratic South Africa. It does so with two distinctive features. First, macroeconomic policy is analysed on four interlocking, and sometimes conflicting, levels: [1] policy as provided “on paper” in government plans and...

The paper discusses the structural changes taking place in the financial system of the Republic of Croatia after the country became independent. Particular attention is given to the banking system, bankruptcies and rehabilitation of banks. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the development of...

Abstract The recent reforms in the European economic governance framework add to the Stability and Growth pact requirements for establishing a new macroeconomic surveillance mechanism for both euro area and non-euro area countries. The early identification and the prevention of imbalances are of...

None of the known macroeconomic theories are adequate to understand what to do in a global crisis like the 2020 Global Pandemic. Rational Expectations and monetarism cannot even ex-plain how is that a global crisis like this happens. The IS-LM model was designed to manage business cycles, but...

European Union countries recorded growth rates differ. Therefore, the European policy of regional development aimed at ensuring heterogeneously and achieve the objective of convergence at European level must take into account the steps taken by each country, especially in if new countries...

The new architecture of the international monetary-financial system is determined by the evolution of the economics, socials, culture and contemporary policies. The reorganization of the monetary-financial system’s institutional and functional formulas is not possible against trimming the...

Total factor productivity plays an important role in the growth of the economy. Using recently available state level data over 1993 and 2005, we find widespread regional variation in productivity changes. In the beginning of the liberalization era, improvement in technical efficiency contributes...

The objective of this study is to estimate an empirical model using pooled data for five industrialized countries to assess the impact of the coordination between monetary and fiscal policies on macroeconomic targets. Those countries are characterized with the existence of the institutional...