We consider the randomness of market trade as the origin of price and return stochasticity. We look at time series of trade values and volumes as random variables during the averaging interval Δ and describe the dependences of market-based volatilities of price and return on the volatilities...

This work aims to initiate a reflection on the awareness of environmental, social, and corporate governance issues, summarized in the acronym ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance), among Italian SMEs. The integration of ESG issues into business models has led to an expansion of the risk...

We examine novel data on the detailed investment decisions of professional value investors. We find evidence that value investors are not easily defined: they exploit traditional tangible asset valuation discrepancies such as buying high book-to-market stocks, but spend more time analyzing...

Evidence suggests that arbitragers exchange investment ideas. We analyze why and under what circumstances sharing occurs. Our model suggests that sharing ideas will lead to the following: more efficient asset prices, larger arbitrager profits, and correlated arbitrager returns. We predict that...

This paper presents probability distributions for price and returns random processes for averaging time interval Δ. These probabilities determine properties of price and returns volatility. We define statistical moments for price and returns random processes as functions of the costs and the...

This article shows that the Capital Asset Pricing Model-based capital budgeting criteria proposed by Tuttle and Litzenberger (1968), Mossin (1969), Hamada (1969), Stapleton (1971), Rubinstein (1973), Bierman and Hass (1973) and Bogue and Roll (1974) are equivalent. They all state that a project...

An important aspect of portfolio risk management is the analysis of the overall risk with respect to the allocations to the underlying assets. Marginal risk is the traditional tool used by portfolio managers to accomplish this. However, this metric is only meaningful when a position is levered...

In this study, we show that using a common set of variables would partially resolve inconsistencies and the lack of comparability across rating providers that often confuse investors. Furthermore, we dissociate the impact of the rating agencies’ different focus on “E”, “S” or “G”...

In this study, we show that using a common set of variables would partially resolve inconsistencies and the lack of comparability across rating providers that often confuse investors. Furthermore, we dissociate the impact of the rating agencies’ different focus on “E”, “S” or “G”...

An important aspect of portfolio risk management is the analysis of the overall risk with respect to the assets' allocations. Marginal risk is the traditional tool, however, this metric is only meaningful when a position is levered or when the proceeds from the sale of a position are put in the...