As I am writing this book, Russia is invading Ukraine, and the world’s beliefs in global institutions, peace, humanism, and social progress have been shaken again. Understanding why conflict is endemic to any social relation, under which conditions it is a positive element in social life, and...

As I am writing this book, Russia is invading Ukraine, and the world’s beliefs in global institutions, peace, humanism, and social progress have been shaken again. Understanding why conflict is endemic to any social relation, under which conditions it is a positive element in social life, and...

Defining the welfare state is not a simpleminded task. Actually, there are numerous definitions which try to reflect at least some of the basic characteristics of the welfare state or its objectives and its functions. For some, there is primarily an institutional parameter, for others there are...

Our hypothesis is proposed to introduce the idea of Leviathan weak, the classical conception of the state is problematized; primarily in regions suffering public violence, lack of legitimacy and sovereignty. This paper is the first part of a project that distinguishes three components that...

This article proposes a reading of the armed conflict from an evolutionary design that takes into account the concept of private protection agencies in the works of Schelling / Nozick / Gambetta. Their aim is to assess the dynamics of conflict and changes from its author's scientific output. A...

This study investigates the impact of military expenditures on income inequality in Pakistan using data over the period of 1972-2012. In doing so, we have applied the ARDL bounds testing cointegration approach which confirmed the presence of long run relationship between military expenditures...

In this working paper us propose to carry out an interpretation of the aspects argumentative and economic of the law 002 of the Farc, or law of pays for the war. Our interpret this stratagem like part of the game of strategy politicians by means of which the insurgent group seeks to balance...

In the context of internal conflict in Colombia despite the implementation of the law of justice and peace, whose main objective was the recognition of the rights of victims to truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of property not repetition in the context of transitional justice, it is...

Predictions and hopes are different things. Predictions are based on past empirical observations. They single out what seem to be essential variables and the relationships between them and assume that their importance will prevail in the future. Hopes add a component to a prediction, namely an...

This paper presents an economic model that explores the optimisation of tax rates and reaching an equilibrium within a generalised feudal economy. This model examines the relationships between agricultural output, taxation and income distribution among the prominent societal classes of the...