The adoption of a photovoltaic system has positive environmental effects, but the main driver of the choice in the industrial and commercial sector is economic profitability. Switching from acquisition of energy to production of energy is an investment with costs (e.g. leasing annual payment,...

The article presents the initial proposal for the group risk measurement based on the comparison of two interconnected sets of webs. The risk scalar has been presented both for each separated subsidiary as well as for the group itself. It was shown the risk profile of the group could be...

Author challenges one of the oldest accounting double bookkeeping rules, used since 1494, and proposes instead application of the quadruple accounting entry. He presents the concept of the multiply accounting entry for the risk financial statements and risk management. The development gap...

The paper presents the model for reputational risk for subsidiaries of non-public group with reciprocal shareholding within the Basel Accord. A test for lack of reputation risk is presented. Proposal for quantification of the non-measurable risk has been outline first for the case of the...

The approach by comparison establishes the limits of the shares market value by analyzing the prices, normally paid for shares to the competing entities to the one evaluated. In order to select the comparison base, the motivations of the parties involved in the transaction must be identified....

We test whether and how equity overvaluation affects corporate financing decisions using an ex ante misvaluation measure that filters firm scale and growth prospects from market price. We find that equity issuance and total financing increase with equity overvaluation; but only among overvalued...

The paper presents the approach for the verification of the lemma used for the model for reputation risk for subsidiaries of non-public group with reciprocal shareholding as proposed by the author in priory works. For all entities with the absolute value of the reputation risk greater than the...

The study is a part of the series of financial models included in a doctoral dissertation completed at the Karachi University (Mehar: 1994). An Econometric model has been constructed in the study and a Three-Stage Least Square (3SLS) technique was applied for the estimation of the model. The...

We review the recent academic and policy literature on bank loan loss provisioning (LLP) to identify several advances in the literature, to highlight some challenges in LLP research and suggest possible directions for future research with some concluding remarks. Among other things, we observe...

Leading up to the implementation of Basel III, European banks repurchased debt securities that traded below par. Banks are subjected to a prudential filter that excludes unrealized gains on liabili- ties from changes in own credit standing from the calculation of capital ratios. By repurchasing...