In the context of emerging countries trying to attract foreign investors, building governance strategies and risk … management of firms is an increasing concern. This study investigates the impact of financial flexibility strategies on the risk … models under the high risk-high return approach. We also applied robustness tests to ensure that the results are reliable. We …

business models has led to an expansion of the risk taxonomy affecting corporate management. In addition to traditional … financial risks, new risks have emerged, primarily climate risk, environmental, and energy risks, which can significantly impact …

Risk can be defined as the likelihood that you can deliver your promise. This paper has used the European put option … and the European call option to construct the p-index and c-index to measure the risk levels (likelihoods) of owning or ….e., higher risk for owning the assets; and (2) assets having higher up move have higher c-index, i.e., higher risk for …

-Scholes-Merton option pricing formula require that risk-free interest rate be a linear function of underlying asset’s expected rate of … return (alpha) and variance of return, or (as in the literature) risk-free interest rate equal underlying asset's alpha. …

supply for electricity, adjusted with a risk premium. Long-term prices of electricity, oil, coal, natural gas, emission … the risk premium, however not on the long-term electricity forwards at Nord Pool. …

eliminating an important component of the market risk. Recall that the assumption that a future payment can be invested with the … new valuation method of the fixed income securities. The primary goal of this paper is a credit derivative pricing method …

In this notice we are comment popular approaches to the credit risk modeling. …