The different target of the time period has been established over the past two decades in the institutionalization of a single currency union in West Africa. Depending on varied reasons the proposed programs have always failed before the set timelines in respect of ECOWAS monetary unification...

In January 2007, U.K. Government debt to GDP stood at 32.5%. By December 2019 it had grown to 89.5% and the latest data from September 2020 show a government debt level of just over £2 trillion, while its debt to GDP level did increase to 103.5%. The Quantitative Easing program by the Bank of...

Unparalleled is a word that best describes the current state of advanced economies. Interest rates are low in many advanced countries and negative in a few others suggesting that monetary policy has lost its effectiveness. The economic policy tool that has not been implemented yet by many...

One can describe the accumulation of wealth in home equity as a benefit to the homeowners. However, in practice the release process of such equity into cash is hindered by the fact that a joint ownership of a home by a lending institution and a household turns the equity stake into a debt...

The unprecedented global recession triggered by the Covid pandemic was met with a broad range of massive monetary, fiscal and financial policy interventions to support households, businesses and financial institutions. The legacy of the Covid crisis includes record public debt, a global...

The unprecedented global recession triggered by the Covid pandemic was met with a broad range of massive monetary, fiscal and financial policy interventions to support households, businesses and financial institutions. The legacy of the Covid crisis includes record public debt, a global...

Globalization and strengthening of integration processes have, among other things, also influenced some solutions relating to monetary sovereignty of particular countries. A great number of transition countries as well as some other underdeveloped countries are facing both inefficiency in their...

This manuscript revisits some key concepts of traditional macroeconomics. In the first step, it proposes a discussion on the equilibrium conditions on the market of goods and services and on the market of money. And in the second step, a discussion is conducted on the general equilibrium the...

The global financial crisis of 2007-09 triggered a sharp fall in output growth that was followed by a persistent slump in Europe and other advanced economies. Almost a decade after the outbreak of the global financial crisis, the recovery remains very weak in many major advanced economies. This...

The Global Crisis led to a sharp contraction and long-lasting slump in both Eurozone and US real activity, but the post-crisis adjustment in the Eurozone and the US shows striking differences. This column argues that financial shocks were key determinants of the 2008-09 Great Recession, for both...