The lighting industry faces major competitive challenges with the introduction of new solid-state lighting technologies. Solid-state lighting’s greater energy efficiency, lifetime, and other features have led to widespread adoption in backlights, traffic lights, signs, and automobile brake...

Complex-systems research is becomingly increasingly data-driven, particularly in the social and biological domains. Many of the systems from which sample data are collected feature structural heterogeneity at the mesoscopic scale (i.e. communities) and limited inter-community diffusion. Here we...

Many collective human activities, including violence, have been shown to exhibit universal patterns1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. The size distributions of casualties both in whole wars from 1816 to 1980 and terrorist attacks have separately been shown to...