This paper discusses the channels between openness and productivity and trade hampering factors. The stylized facts from the heterogeneous firms literature suggests that firms face market entry costs for each new product they export and to each new export market. Transport costs, border costs...

Due to globalization, competition has increased and companies have reorganized their activities in order to maintain profitability. The consequence has been an emphasis on short term results, at the expense of long term research. Therefore, most Corporate Research laboratories were closed or...