Fiscal policy was key determinant of macroeconomic behavior during the 80s, however it is necessary to distinguish the effects of shocks over fiscal policy from those resulting of policy decisions. For that purpose the study uses, with an adjustment, the methodology developed by Marshall and...

This paper examines the stance of fiscal policy in Swaziland since the 1980s, and the attempts that have been made to restrain the excessive deficits that have built up over the past 15 years. Swaziland’s fiscal difficulties have arisen in part from two decades of slow growth, and falling...

Pakistan has been pursuing an active albeit expansionary fiscal policy since 1970s. In the mid-1970s to early-1980s, such policy choice was manifested in externally financed development spending, primarily in the form of investment in public enterprises. Despite excessive deficit financing,...

This paper discusses the establishment of the minimum wage determination process in the early twentieth century Australia, following the institutionalisation of compulsory industrial arbitration between capital and labour. This process led to the 1907 Harvester judgment whereby the Common-...

We analyse the Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in order to account for their uneven distribution among the European Union countries and to identify the motivations of the public actor in selecting PPPs. We focus on the fiscal incentives to overcome budget and borrowing constraints, taking...

Defining the welfare state is not a simpleminded task. Actually, there are numerous definitions which try to reflect at least some of the basic characteristics of the welfare state or its objectives and its functions. For some, there is primarily an institutional parameter, for others there are...

The Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics, in its 2019 Poverty and Inequality report, ranked the North Western state of Sokoto as the poorest in the country, with 87.7 percent of the population classified as poor. Given the importance of the social sector in poverty reduction, this study...

This is the first study which estimates costs and benefits of overall policy reform for implementation of performance based budgeting. Costs estimation is based on a phased implementation, where we consult the Regulatory Impact Assessment methodology. In order to estimate benefits, we use a...

This book aims to study the consequences of the subprime crisis for New Caledonia, a French overseas Pacific territory. The situation of New-Caledonia is specific in many ways, since this territory is undergoing an institutional process of emancipation from France. On the first hand, New...

Fiscal policy is an important government tool for managing the economy, having the ability to affect the total amount of output produced - GDP. Changes in the level and composition of government spending, taxation or other instruments of fiscal policy have impact on aggregate demand, the pattern...